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What They Said About the Arabs and Arabic

What Arab and Muslim scholars have said about their language, and what scholars from outside the Arab world have said about it, and about the Arabs and their civilisation. Nothing is published until it was read in its author's own book or in a named, reliable witness; the Western sayings appear in their original languages beside a translation, each with a link to the page of the book.

105 sayings — 52 by Arab and Muslim scholars, 53 by others; 48 read in the original language of their author.

How these sayings were documented

Most sayings of Western scholars about Arabic circulate in Arabic translations taken from secondary sources, and many turned out to add to or cut from the original. We went back to the authors' own books, in scans of their pages, and publish the original text with a faithful translation, noting under each saying where the circulated version departs from it. Sayings whose original we have not yet found are not published.

Read in the original Read in its author's own language (French, German, Latin…) in a scan of the book; the original is printed beside any translation. From the author's own Arabic The author's own Arabic words, read in his book by edition, volume and page; the English is our translation. Narrated with its chain The speaker wrote no book of his own; this is read in a work that narrates it from him with its chain of transmission, by edition, volume and page. Via a reliable witness Reported by a named scholar without a chain, or not found in the author's own work.

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Read in the original
“A great uniformity of speech overspread the land, whether due, as is usually assumed, to the general observance of the Pilgrimage to Mekkah and the meeting of the tribes at ‘Ukâdh, or to some other cause. The same masculine and expressive language was heard from al-Ḥîrah on the Euphrates, under the shadow of Persia, and Ghassân in Syria, beneath the great cathedral of Damascus, to Ṣan‘â and Aden in the far South, where a Persian governor ruled in the name of the Shâhanshâh, and the profession of the poet was everywhere honoured and rewarded.”
فَكَانَتِ اللُّغَةُ نَفْسُهَا، الجَزْلَةُ القَوِيَّةُ التَّعْبِيرِ، تُسْمَعُ مِنَ الحِيرَةِ عَلى الفُرَاتِ… إلى صَنْعَاءَ وَعَدَنَ فِي أَقْصَى الجَنُوبِ.
Charles James Lyall
1845–1920
 Read in the original
“No people in the world, perhaps, manifest such enthusiastic admiration for literary expression and are so moved by the word, spoken or written, as the Arabs. Hardly any language seems capable of exercising over the minds of its users such irresistible influence as Arabic. Modern audiences in Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo can be stirred to the highest degree by the recital of poems, only vaguely comprehended, and by the delivery of orations in the classical tongue, though it be only partially understood.”
وَلَا تَكَادُ تَبْدُو لُغَةٌ قَادِرَةً عَلَى أَنْ تُمَارِسَ عَلَى عُقُولِ المُتَكَلِّمِينَ بِهَا مِثْلَ مَا تُمَارِسُهُ العَرَبِيَّةُ مِنْ تَأْثِيرٍ لَا يُقَاوَم.
Philip K. Hitti
1886–1978
 Read in the original
“Being conversant with several languages, I can attest from my own personal experience that no language I know comes even near to Arabic in its power of rhetoricism, in its ability to penetrate beneath and beyond intellectual comprehension directly to the emotions and make its impact upon them. In this respect, Arabic can be compared only to music.”
وَأَنَا أَعْرِفُ عِدَّةَ لُغَاتٍ، فَأَشْهَدُ مِنْ تَجْرِبَتِي أَنَّهُ مَا مِنْ لُغَةٍ أَعْرِفُهَا تَقْتَرِبُ مِنَ العَرَبِيَّةِ فِي قُوَّتِهَا البَيَانِيَّةِ، وَفِي قُدْرَتِهَا عَلَى أَنْ تَنْفُذَ مِنْ تَحْتِ الفَهْمِ العَقْلِيِّ وَمِنْ وَرَائِهِ إِلَى المَشَاعِرِ مُبَاشَرَةً فَتَتْرُكَ فِيهَا أَثَرَهَا. وَلَا تُشَبَّهُ العَرَبِيَّةُ فِي هَذَا إِلَّا بِالمُوسِيقَى.
Raphael Patai
1910–1996

Some well-known sayings attributed to Western scholars have not been traced to an original and are not published: one credited to Krachkovsky (we searched the whole of his history of Arabic geographical literature), one credited to Germanus (not in any of his articles in al-Risāla), others credited to Marçais and Berque, and one credited to Brockelmann ("through the Qur’an Arabic reached an extent…"). The saying credited to al-Asma‘i is one he transmits from al-Khalil from Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, whose saying is in this section. The saying credited to "William Work" has no such author: the name is a corruption of William H. Worrell, director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and its source has not been found. The claim that Chomsky was influenced by Sībawayh was denied by Chomsky himself in two published e-mails.