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What They Said About the Arabs and Arabic

What Arab and Muslim scholars have said about their language, and what scholars from outside the Arab world have said about it, and about the Arabs and their civilisation. Nothing is published until it was read in its author's own book or in a named, reliable witness; the Western sayings appear in their original languages beside a translation, each with a link to the page of the book.

105 sayings — 52 by Arab and Muslim scholars, 53 by others; 48 read in the original language of their author.

How these sayings were documented

Most sayings of Western scholars about Arabic circulate in Arabic translations taken from secondary sources, and many turned out to add to or cut from the original. We went back to the authors' own books, in scans of their pages, and publish the original text with a faithful translation, noting under each saying where the circulated version departs from it. Sayings whose original we have not yet found are not published.

Read in the original Read in its author's own language (French, German, Latin…) in a scan of the book; the original is printed beside any translation. From the author's own Arabic The author's own Arabic words, read in his book by edition, volume and page; the English is our translation. Narrated with its chain The speaker wrote no book of his own; this is read in a work that narrates it from him with its chain of transmission, by edition, volume and page. Via a reliable witness Reported by a named scholar without a chain, or not found in the author's own work.

Showing 14 of 105 Clear filters

Narrated with its chain
Writing to Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari:
“To proceed: gain understanding in the Sunna, gain understanding in Arabic, and recite the Qur'an with correct inflection, for it is Arabic; and live by the hardy ways of Ma'add, for you are of Ma'add.”
أَمّا بَعْدُ فَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي السُّنَّةِ وَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي العَرَبِيَّةِ، وَأَعْرِبُوا القُرْآنَ فَإِنَّهُ عَرَبِيٌّ، وَتَمَعْدَدُوا فَإِنَّكُمْ مَعَدِّيُّونَ
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Learn Arabic, for it strengthens the mind and increases manly virtue.”
تَعَلَّمُوا العَرَبِيَّةَ فَإِنَّها تُثَبِّتُ العَقْلَ، وَتَزِيدُ فِي المُرُوءَةِ
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
Hearing a man speak Persian while circling the Ka‘ba, he took him by the arm and said:
“Seek a way to Arabic.”
ابْتَغِ إِلَى العَرَبِيَّةِ سَبِيلاً
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Learn the laws of inheritance, the [Arabic] language and the Sunna as you learn the Qur'an.”
تَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ وَاللَّحْنَ وَالسُّنَنَ كَمَا تَعَلَّمُونَ الْقُرْآنَ
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Learn Arabic as you learn to memorise the Qur'an.”
تَعَلَّمُوا العَرَبِيَّةَ كَما تَعَلَّمُونَ حِفْظَ القُرْآنِ
Ubayy ibn Ka'b
d. 30 AH / 650 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Yahya ibn 'Atiq said: I asked al-Hasan, "Abu Sa'id, a man learns Arabic, seeking good speech by it and to recite correctly?" He said: "Good — let him learn it; for a man recites a verse, is at a loss over its meaning, and perishes by it."”
سُئِلَ الحَسَنُ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَتَعَلَّمُ العَرَبِيَّةَ يَلْتَمِسُ بِذَلِكَ حُسْنَ المَنْطِقِ وَيُقِيمُ بِها قِراءَتَهُ، فَقالَ: حَسَنٌ، يَتَعَلَّمُها؛ فَإِنَّ الرَّجُلَ يَقْرَأُ الآيَةَ فَيَعْيا بِوَجْهِها فَيَهْلِكُ بِها.
al-Hasan al-Basri
d. 110 AH / 728 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Of the virtues people have taken up, none is more pleasing to me than eloquence.”
ما أَحْدَثَ النّاسُ مُرُوءَةً أَعْجَبَ إِلَيَّ مِنَ الفَصاحَةِ
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
d. 124 AH / 742 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Those in the East who became heretics did so only out of ignorance of the speech of the Arabs and the foreignness of their hearts.”
ما تَزَنْدَقَ مَنْ تَزَنْدَقَ بِالمَشْرِقِ إِلّا جَهْلاً بِكَلامِ العَرَبِ، وَعُجْمَةَ قُلُوبِهِمْ
Abu al-Zinad
d. 130 AH / 748 CE
 Narrated with its chain
Answering ‘Amr ibn ‘Ubayd, who argued from the verses of threat that God cannot forgo a threatened punishment:
“It is foreignness of tongue that has undone you, Abu ‘Uthman! A promise is not a threat.”
مِنَ العُجْمَةِ أُتِيتَ يا أَبا عُثْمانَ، إِنَّ الوَعْدَ غَيْرُ الوَعِيدِ.
Abu ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ala’
d. 154 AH / 771 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“A hadith transmitter who does not know grammar is like a donkey with a nosebag on its head that holds no barley.”
إِذا كانَ المُحَدِّثُ لا يَعْرِفُ النَّحْوَ فَهُوَ كَالحِمَارِ يَكُونُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ مِخْلاةٌ لَيْسَ فِيها شَعِيرٌ
Shu'ba ibn al-Hajjaj
d. 160 AH / 776 CE
 Narrated with its chain
On anyone who interprets the Qur'an without knowing the Arabs' language:
“No man who does not know the dialects of the Arabs will be brought to me for interpreting it [the Qur'an] without my making an example of him.”
لا أُوتَى بِرَجُلٍ غَيْرِ عالِمٍ بِلُغاتِ العَرَبِ يُفَسِّرُ ذَلِكَ إِلّا جَعَلْتُهُ نَكالاً
Malik ibn Anas
d. 179 AH / 795 CE
 Narrated with its chain
Recounting what happened with his teacher al-A‘mash:
“[Waki' said:] I came to al-A'mash to hear hadith from him, and I would sometimes make grammatical mistakes. He said: 'Abu Sufyan, you have left what is more fitting for you than hadith.' I said: 'Abu Muhammad, what is more fitting than hadith?' He said: 'Grammar.' So al-A'mash dictated grammar to me, and then dictated hadith.”
أَتَيْتُ الْأَعْمَشَ أَسْمَعُ مِنْهُ الْحَدِيثَ، وَكُنْتُ رُبَّمَا لَحَنْتُ، فَقَالَ لِي: يَا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ، تَرَكْتَ مَا هُوَ أَوْلَى بِكَ مِنَ الْحَدِيثِ! فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَبَا مُحَمَّدٍ، وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَوْلَى مِنَ الْحَدِيثِ؟ فَقَالَ: النَّحْوُ. فَأَمْلَى عَلَيَّ الْأَعْمَشُ النَّحْوَ، ثُمَّ أَمْلَى عَلَيَّ الْحَدِيثَ.
Waki‘ ibn al-Jarrah
d. 197 AH / 812 CE
 Narrated with its chain
Reported by his student Harb al-Kirmani, in his chapter on naming the months in Persian:
“I said to Ahmad: The Persians have days and months that they call by names that are not known. He disliked that with the strongest dislike.”
قُلْتُ لِأَحْمَدَ: فَإِنَّ لِلْفُرْسِ أَيَّاماً وَشُهُوراً يُسَمُّونَهَا بِأَسْمَاءٍ لَا تُعْرَفُ؛ فَكَرِهَ ذَلِكَ أَشَدَّ الكَرَاهَة.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal
d. 241 AH / 855 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“To recite one verse with correct inflection is dearer to me than to recite so many verses without it.”
لَأَنْ أَقْرَأَ آيَةً بِإِعْرَابٍ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أَقْرَأَ كَذَا وَكَذَا آيَةً بِغَيْرِ إِعْرَاب
A Companion of the Prophet

Some well-known sayings attributed to Western scholars have not been traced to an original and are not published: one credited to Krachkovsky (we searched the whole of his history of Arabic geographical literature), one credited to Germanus (not in any of his articles in al-Risāla), others credited to Marçais and Berque, and one credited to Brockelmann ("through the Qur’an Arabic reached an extent…"). The saying credited to al-Asma‘i is one he transmits from al-Khalil from Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, whose saying is in this section. The saying credited to "William Work" has no such author: the name is a corruption of William H. Worrell, director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and its source has not been found. The claim that Chomsky was influenced by Sībawayh was denied by Chomsky himself in two published e-mails.