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What They Said About the Arabs and Arabic

What Arab and Muslim scholars have said about their language, and what scholars from outside the Arab world have said about it, and about the Arabs and their civilisation. Nothing is published until it was read in its author's own book or in a named, reliable witness; the Western sayings appear in their original languages beside a translation, each with a link to the page of the book.

105 sayings — 52 by Arab and Muslim scholars, 53 by others; 48 read in the original language of their author.

How these sayings were documented

Most sayings of Western scholars about Arabic circulate in Arabic translations taken from secondary sources, and many turned out to add to or cut from the original. We went back to the authors' own books, in scans of their pages, and publish the original text with a faithful translation, noting under each saying where the circulated version departs from it. Sayings whose original we have not yet found are not published.

Read in the original Read in its author's own language (French, German, Latin…) in a scan of the book; the original is printed beside any translation. From the author's own Arabic The author's own Arabic words, read in his book by edition, volume and page; the English is our translation. Narrated with its chain The speaker wrote no book of his own; this is read in a work that narrates it from him with its chain of transmission, by edition, volume and page. Via a reliable witness Reported by a named scholar without a chain, or not found in the author's own work.

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Read in the original
“The Christian young men, exalted by Arabic eloquence, most eagerly handle the books of the Chaldeans [i.e. the Arabs]… Alas, for shame! The Christians do not know their own language.”
Arabico eloquio sublimati, volumina Chaldæorum avidissime tractant […] Heu, proh dolor! linguam suam nesciunt Christiani.
Paulus Alvarus of Córdoba
c. 800 – c. 861
 From the author's own Arabic
In the introduction to his Hebrew grammar, justifying the use of Arabic to explain obscure Hebrew:
“We did not scruple to cite, for what has no attestation in Hebrew, what we found agreeing and cognate with it in the Arabic tongue, for it is, after Syriac, the language most like ours.”
لَمْ نَتَحَرَّجْ عَنِ الاسْتِشْهادِ عَلَى ما لا شاهِدَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ العِبْرانِيِّ بِما وَجَدْناهُ مُوافِقاً وَمُجانِساً لَهُ مِنَ اللِّسانِ العَرَبِيِّ، إِذْ هُوَ أَكْثَرُ اللُّغاتِ بَعْدَ السُّرْيانِيِّ شَبَهاً بِلِسانِنا.
Abu al-Walid Marwan ibn Janah
c. 990 – c. 1050
 Read in the original
Describing how widely Arabic was written in his day:
“From the Fortunate Isles [the Canaries] in the far West to the Moluccas [in today's Indonesia] in the far East… the privileges and diplomas of kings and princes, the instruments and contracts of merchants and nobles, and the letters of everyone, are written in this language [Arabic] almost alone.”
ab insulis Fortunatis (خالدات Chalidet Arabes vocant) ad Muluccarum vsque insulas […] Regum & Principum priuilegia & diplomata, Mercatorum & Nobilium instrumenta, & contractus […] Omnium denique literæ familiares hac ferè solâ concipiuntur, scribuntur.
William Bedwell
1563 – 1632
 Read in the original
“Arabic remains, for all Muslims who speak Persian, Turkish, Indian or African languages, the learned language par excellence.”
L'arabe reste pour tous les Musulmans de langue perse, ou turque, ou indienne, ou africaine, la langue savante par excellence.
Antoine Meillet
1866–1936
 Read in the original
“Although the language of the pagan Bedouins did not survive intact—or survived, at any rate, only in the mouths of pedants and poets—it became, in a modified form, the universal medium of expression among the upper classes of Muhammadan society. During the early Middle Ages it was spoken and written by all cultivated Moslems, of whatever nationality they might be, from the Indus to the Atlantic; it was the language of the Court and the Church, of Law and Commerce, of Diplomacy and Literature and Science.”
كَانَ يَتَكَلَّمُهَا وَيَكْتُبُ بِهَا كُلُّ المُسْلِمِينَ المُثَقَّفِينَ، أَيّاً كَانَتْ أَجْنَاسُهُمْ، مِنَ السِّنْدِ إِلَى الأَطْلَسِيّ؛ وَكَانَتْ لُغَةَ البَلَاطِ والدِّينِ، وَالقَانُونِ والتِّجَارَةِ، والدُّبْلُومَاسِيَّةِ وَالأَدَبِ وَالعِلْم.
Reynold A. Nicholson
1868–1945
 Read in the original
“Mohammedanism carried not only the Koran, but also the once-isolated language of southern Arabia to vast regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania, where it influenced, more or less deeply, the native tongues; such languages as Persian, Hindustani, Turkish, Malay, Hausa are replete with Arabic words. […] Arabic, the tongue of medieval culture, gives us astronomical terms like "zenith" and "nadir," mathematical words like "algebra" and "cipher," chemical expressions like "alcohol," "alkali," "alchemy" and "chemistry" itself.”
والعَرَبِيَّةُ- لُغَةُ الثَّقَافَةِ فِي العُصُورِ الوُسْطَى- أَعْطَتْنَا- مَعْشَرَ النَّاطِقِينَ بِالإِنْجلِيزِيَّةِ — مُصْطَلَحَاتٍ فَلَكِيَّةً مِثْلَ «السَّمْتِ» و«النَّظِيرِ»، وَأْلْفَاظاً رِيَاضِيَّةً مِثْلَ «الجَبْرِ» و«الصِّفْرِ»، بَلْ كَلِمَةَ «الكِيمْيَاءِ» نَفْسَهَا.
Mario Pei
1901–1978
 From the author's own Arabic
On Hebrew literature under Islamic rule:
“Israelite literature in the Middle Ages revived greatly … under Islamic rule in al-Andalus, Egypt and Iraq; the Jews began imitating the Arabs in poetry.”
عَلَى أَنَّ الأَدَبَ الإِسْرَائِيلِيَّ فِي القُرُونِ الوُسْطَى قَدِ انْتَعَشَ انْتِعَاشاً عَظِيماً… فِي ظِلِّ الحُكْمِ الإِسْلَامِيِّ بِالأَنْدَلُسِ وَمِصْرَ وَالعِراقِ، فَقَدْ أَخَذَ اليَهُودُ فِي تِلْكَ العُهُودِ يُقَلِّدُونَ العَرَبَ فِي الشِّعْرِ.
Israel Wolfensohn
1899–1980
 Read in the original
“The Arabic element was, after the Latin, the most important in the Spanish vocabulary until the sixteenth century. Counting the vocabulary proper together with place-names, it does not seem exaggerated to reckon a total of more than four thousand forms.”
El elemento árabe fue, después del latino, el más importante del vocabulario español hasta el siglo XVI. Sumando el léxico propiamente dicho y los topónimos, no parece exagerado calcular un total superior a cuatro mil formas.
Rafael Lapesa
1908–2001
 Read in the original
“It was the Arabisation of the conquered provinces rather than their military conquest that is the true wonder of the Arab expansion. By the eleventh century Arabic had become not only the chief idiom of everyday use from Persia to the Pyrenees, but also the chief instrument of culture, superseding old culture languages like Coptic, Aramaic, Greek and Latin.”
إِنَّ تَعْرِيبَ الأَقَالِيمِ المَفْتُوحَةِ، لَا فَتْحَهَا العَسْكَرِيَّ، هُوَ الأُعْجُوبَةُ الحَقَّةُ فِي التَّوَسُّعِ العَرَبِيِّ. فَبِحُلُولِ القَرْنِ الحَادِي عَشَرَ لَمْ تَعُدِ العَرَبِيَّةُ اللِّسَانَ الغَالِبَ فِي الاِسْتِعْمَالِ اليَوْمِيِّ مِنْ فَارِسَ إِلَى جِبَالِ البَرَانِسِ فَحَسْبُ، بَلْ صَارَتْ كَذَلِكَ الأَدَاةَ الأُولَى لِلثَّقَافِةِ، وَحَلَّتْ مَحَلَّ لُغَاتِ الثَّقَافَةِ القَدِيمَةِ كَالقُبْطِيَّةِ وَالآرَامِيَّةِ وَاليُونَانِيَّةِ وَاللَّاتِينِيَّة.
Bernard Lewis
1916–2018

Some well-known sayings attributed to Western scholars have not been traced to an original and are not published: one credited to Krachkovsky (we searched the whole of his history of Arabic geographical literature), one credited to Germanus (not in any of his articles in al-Risāla), others credited to Marçais and Berque, and one credited to Brockelmann ("through the Qur’an Arabic reached an extent…"). The saying credited to al-Asma‘i is one he transmits from al-Khalil from Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, whose saying is in this section. The saying credited to "William Work" has no such author: the name is a corruption of William H. Worrell, director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and its source has not been found. The claim that Chomsky was influenced by Sībawayh was denied by Chomsky himself in two published e-mails.