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What They Said About the Arabs and Arabic

What Arab and Muslim scholars have said about their language, and what scholars from outside the Arab world have said about it, and about the Arabs and their civilisation. Nothing is published until it was read in its author's own book or in a named, reliable witness; the Western sayings appear in their original languages beside a translation, each with a link to the page of the book.

105 sayings — 52 by Arab and Muslim scholars, 53 by others; 48 read in the original language of their author.

How these sayings were documented

Most sayings of Western scholars about Arabic circulate in Arabic translations taken from secondary sources, and many turned out to add to or cut from the original. We went back to the authors' own books, in scans of their pages, and publish the original text with a faithful translation, noting under each saying where the circulated version departs from it. Sayings whose original we have not yet found are not published.

Read in the original Read in its author's own language (French, German, Latin…) in a scan of the book; the original is printed beside any translation. From the author's own Arabic The author's own Arabic words, read in his book by edition, volume and page; the English is our translation. Narrated with its chain The speaker wrote no book of his own; this is read in a work that narrates it from him with its chain of transmission, by edition, volume and page. Via a reliable witness Reported by a named scholar without a chain, or not found in the author's own work.

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Narrated with its chain
Writing to Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari:
“To proceed: gain understanding in the Sunna, gain understanding in Arabic, and recite the Qur'an with correct inflection, for it is Arabic; and live by the hardy ways of Ma'add, for you are of Ma'add.”
أَمّا بَعْدُ فَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي السُّنَّةِ وَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي العَرَبِيَّةِ، وَأَعْرِبُوا القُرْآنَ فَإِنَّهُ عَرَبِيٌّ، وَتَمَعْدَدُوا فَإِنَّكُمْ مَعَدِّيُّونَ
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Learn Arabic, for it strengthens the mind and increases manly virtue.”
تَعَلَّمُوا العَرَبِيَّةَ فَإِنَّها تُثَبِّتُ العَقْلَ، وَتَزِيدُ فِي المُرُوءَةِ
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Learn the laws of inheritance, the [Arabic] language and the Sunna as you learn the Qur'an.”
تَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ وَاللَّحْنَ وَالسُّنَنَ كَمَا تَعَلَّمُونَ الْقُرْآنَ
Umar ibn al-Khattab
d. 23 AH / 644 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“Learn Arabic as you learn to memorise the Qur'an.”
تَعَلَّمُوا العَرَبِيَّةَ كَما تَعَلَّمُونَ حِفْظَ القُرْآنِ
Ubayy ibn Ka'b
d. 30 AH / 650 CE
 Narrated with its chain
“A hadith transmitter who does not know grammar is like a donkey with a nosebag on its head that holds no barley.”
إِذا كانَ المُحَدِّثُ لا يَعْرِفُ النَّحْوَ فَهُوَ كَالحِمَارِ يَكُونُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ مِخْلاةٌ لَيْسَ فِيها شَعِيرٌ
Shu'ba ibn al-Hajjaj
d. 160 AH / 776 CE
 Narrated with its chain
Recounting what happened with his teacher al-A‘mash:
“[Waki' said:] I came to al-A'mash to hear hadith from him, and I would sometimes make grammatical mistakes. He said: 'Abu Sufyan, you have left what is more fitting for you than hadith.' I said: 'Abu Muhammad, what is more fitting than hadith?' He said: 'Grammar.' So al-A'mash dictated grammar to me, and then dictated hadith.”
أَتَيْتُ الْأَعْمَشَ أَسْمَعُ مِنْهُ الْحَدِيثَ، وَكُنْتُ رُبَّمَا لَحَنْتُ، فَقَالَ لِي: يَا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ، تَرَكْتَ مَا هُوَ أَوْلَى بِكَ مِنَ الْحَدِيثِ! فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَبَا مُحَمَّدٍ، وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَوْلَى مِنَ الْحَدِيثِ؟ فَقَالَ: النَّحْوُ. فَأَمْلَى عَلَيَّ الْأَعْمَشُ النَّحْوَ، ثُمَّ أَمْلَى عَلَيَّ الْحَدِيثَ.
Waki‘ ibn al-Jarrah
d. 197 AH / 812 CE

Some well-known sayings attributed to Western scholars have not been traced to an original and are not published: one credited to Krachkovsky (we searched the whole of his history of Arabic geographical literature), one credited to Germanus (not in any of his articles in al-Risāla), others credited to Marçais and Berque, and one credited to Brockelmann ("through the Qur’an Arabic reached an extent…"). The saying credited to al-Asma‘i is one he transmits from al-Khalil from Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, whose saying is in this section. The saying credited to "William Work" has no such author: the name is a corruption of William H. Worrell, director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and its source has not been found. The claim that Chomsky was influenced by Sībawayh was denied by Chomsky himself in two published e-mails.