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What They Said About the Arabs and Arabic

What Arab and Muslim scholars have said about their language, and what scholars from outside the Arab world have said about it, and about the Arabs and their civilisation. Nothing is published until it was read in its author's own book or in a named, reliable witness; the Western sayings appear in their original languages beside a translation, each with a link to the page of the book.

105 sayings — 52 by Arab and Muslim scholars, 53 by others; 48 read in the original language of their author.

How these sayings were documented

Most sayings of Western scholars about Arabic circulate in Arabic translations taken from secondary sources, and many turned out to add to or cut from the original. We went back to the authors' own books, in scans of their pages, and publish the original text with a faithful translation, noting under each saying where the circulated version departs from it. Sayings whose original we have not yet found are not published.

Read in the original Read in its author's own language (French, German, Latin…) in a scan of the book; the original is printed beside any translation. From the author's own Arabic The author's own Arabic words, read in his book by edition, volume and page; the English is our translation. Narrated with its chain The speaker wrote no book of his own; this is read in a work that narrates it from him with its chain of transmission, by edition, volume and page. Via a reliable witness Reported by a named scholar without a chain, or not found in the author's own work.

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From the author's own Arabic
“The excellence of the Qur'an is known only to one who has studied much, whose learning is broad, and who understands the ways of the Arabs, their versatility in modes of expression, and what God singled out their language for above all other languages.”
وَإِنَّما يَعْرِفُ فَضْلَ القُرْآنِ مَنْ كَثُرَ نَظَرُهُ، وَاتَّسَعَ عِلْمُهُ، وَفَهِمَ مَذاهِبَ العَرَبِ وَافْتِنانَها فِي الأَسالِيبِ، وَما خَصَّ اللَّهُ بِهِ لُغَتَها دُونَ جَمِيعِ اللُّغاتِ
Ibn Qutayba
d. 276 AH / 889 CE
 From the author's own Arabic
“The science most deserving to be learned and most worthy of being memorised, after knowledge of God, is the science of rhetoric and the knowledge of eloquence, by which the inimitability of God's Book is known.”
اعْلَمْ- عَلَّمَكَ اللَّهُ الخَيْرَ، وَدَلَّكَ عَلَيْهِ، وَقَيَّضَهُ لَكَ، وَجَعَلَكَ مِنْ أَهْلِهِ- أَنَّ أَحَقَّ العُلُومِ بِالتَّعَلُّمِ، وَأَوْلاها بِالتَّحَفُّظِ- بَعْدَ المَعْرِفَةِ بِاللَّهِ جَلَّ ثَناؤُهُ- عِلْمُ البَلاغَةِ، وَمَعْرِفَةُ الفَصاحَةِ، الَّذى بِهِ يُعْرَفُ إِعْجازُ كِتابِ اللَّهِ تَعالَى
Abu Hilal al-'Askari
d. 395 AH / 1005 CE
 From the author's own Arabic
On grammar:
“The faculty the Arabs acquired in this was the finest of faculties and the clearest in expressing what is meant.”
اعْلَمْ أَنَّ اللُّغَةَ فِي المُتَعارَفِ هِيَ عِبارَةُ المُتَكَلِّمِ عَنْ مَقْصُودِهِ… وَكانَتِ المَلَكَةُ الحاصِلَةُ لِلعَرَبِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَحْسَنَ المَلَكاتِ وَأَوْضَحَها إِبانَةً عَنِ المَقاصِدِ
Ibn Khaldun
d. 808 AH / 1406 CE

Some well-known sayings attributed to Western scholars have not been traced to an original and are not published: one credited to Krachkovsky (we searched the whole of his history of Arabic geographical literature), one credited to Germanus (not in any of his articles in al-Risāla), others credited to Marçais and Berque, and one credited to Brockelmann ("through the Qur’an Arabic reached an extent…"). The saying credited to al-Asma‘i is one he transmits from al-Khalil from Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, whose saying is in this section. The saying credited to "William Work" has no such author: the name is a corruption of William H. Worrell, director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and its source has not been found. The claim that Chomsky was influenced by Sībawayh was denied by Chomsky himself in two published e-mails.