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What They Said About the Arabs and Arabic

What Arab and Muslim scholars have said about their language, and what scholars from outside the Arab world have said about it, and about the Arabs and their civilisation. Nothing is published until it was read in its author's own book or in a named, reliable witness; the Western sayings appear in their original languages beside a translation, each with a link to the page of the book.

105 sayings — 52 by Arab and Muslim scholars, 53 by others; 48 read in the original language of their author.

How these sayings were documented

Most sayings of Western scholars about Arabic circulate in Arabic translations taken from secondary sources, and many turned out to add to or cut from the original. We went back to the authors' own books, in scans of their pages, and publish the original text with a faithful translation, noting under each saying where the circulated version departs from it. Sayings whose original we have not yet found are not published.

Read in the original Read in its author's own language (French, German, Latin…) in a scan of the book; the original is printed beside any translation. From the author's own Arabic The author's own Arabic words, read in his book by edition, volume and page; the English is our translation. Narrated with its chain The speaker wrote no book of his own; this is read in a work that narrates it from him with its chain of transmission, by edition, volume and page. Via a reliable witness Reported by a named scholar without a chain, or not found in the author's own work.

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From the author's own Arabic
Discussing whether language is revealed or conventional:
“When I consider the state of this noble, generous and subtle language, I find in it such wisdom, precision, refinement and delicacy that it takes hold of my thought, until it almost carries it beyond the farthest reach of magic.”
وَذَلِكَ أَنَّنِي إِذا تَأَمَّلْتُ حالَ هَذِهِ اللُّغَةِ الشَّرِيفَةِ الكَرِيمَةِ اللَّطِيفَةِ، وَجَدْتُ فِيها مِنَ الحِكْمَةِ وَالدِّقَّةِ وَالإِرْهافِ وَالرِّقَّةِ ما يَمْلِكُ عَلَيَّ جانِبَ الفِكْرِ حَتَّى يَكادُ يَطْمَحُ بِهِ أَمامَ غَلْوَةِ السِّحْرِ
Ibn Jinni
d. 392 AH / 1002 CE
 From the author's own Arabic
Comparing Arabic with other languages:
“We ask scholars of Arabic whose origin is non-Arab, and who were trained in their own language before they took up Arabic, about the two languages: they will not put them side by side — they will hardly even accept the question, so remote does it seem to them, so far does the subtlety of Arabic stand ahead in their judgement and their feeling. I asked Abu 'Ali about this more than once, and his answer was much as I have related.”
وَذَلِكَ أَنّا نَسْأَلُ عُلَماءَ العَرَبِيَّةِ مِمَّنْ أَصْلُهُ عَجَمِيٌّ عَنْ حالِ اللُّغَتَيْنِ، فَلا يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَهُما، بَلْ لا يَكادُ يَقْبَلُ السُّؤالَ عَنْ ذَلِكَ؛ لِبُعْدِهِ فِي نَفْسِهِ، وَتَقَدُّمِ لُطْفِ العَرَبِيَّةِ فِي رَأْيِهِ وَحِسِّهِ.
Ibn Jinni
d. 392 AH / 1002 CE
 Via a reliable witness
“The human organ of speech is a complete musical instrument, and no nation, ancient or modern, has used it to the full as well as the Arab nation has.”
إِنَّ جِهَازَ النُّطْقِ الإِنْسَانِيِّ أَدَاةٌ مُوسِيقِيَّةٌ وَافِيَةٌ لَمْ تُحْسِنِ اسْتِخْدَامَهَا عَلَى أَوْفَاهَا أُمَّةٌ مِنَ الأُمَمِ القَدِيمَةِ أَوِ الحَدِيثَةِ كَمَا اسْتَخْدَمَتْهَا الأمَّةُ العَرَبِيَّة
'Abbas Mahmud al-'Aqqad
d. 1383 AH / 1964 CE

Some well-known sayings attributed to Western scholars have not been traced to an original and are not published: one credited to Krachkovsky (we searched the whole of his history of Arabic geographical literature), one credited to Germanus (not in any of his articles in al-Risāla), others credited to Marçais and Berque, and one credited to Brockelmann ("through the Qur’an Arabic reached an extent…"). The saying credited to al-Asma‘i is one he transmits from al-Khalil from Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, whose saying is in this section. The saying credited to "William Work" has no such author: the name is a corruption of William H. Worrell, director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, and its source has not been found. The claim that Chomsky was influenced by Sībawayh was denied by Chomsky himself in two published e-mails.